Zephyr wrote:
Well, you have too look at what the Russians used their aircraft for and if they really needed in-flight refueling. The Flanker, Fulcrum, and Foxhound all have probes as upgrades. They initially didn't have them because both the Flanker and Foxhound were designed for air defence, which generally means they aren't too far from their base, and have large internal fuel capability. The Fulcrum was designed for air defence and IIRC frontal aviation air support. Generally this would be short range work. The Su-24 has the buddy refueling capability to extend strike range. The standard Russian tanker is the Il-78 Midas, with three hose and drogue systems. Also, M-4 Bisons were converted into tankers. The Tu-22M Backfire cannot reach the US, and I don't think it has inflight refueling capability. The Tu-95 and Tu-160 both have inflight refueling capability and IIRC can reach the US without refueling. Flying over the pole poses no difficulty. The air at high alititude is cold everywhere in the world. There is a US NORAD radar warning line, called the DEW Line IIRC, through Canada and Alaska.
Zephyr
DEW line runs from Alaska through Canada to Britian and Greenland. multiple stations with radars ranging in age fro mthe 1950s to the 1980s...
TU-22Ms initially had air to air refueling capacity but had to remove this to fall within the scope of the SALT/START talks. However it was never clear as whether the Russsians simply removed the probes and kept them with the aircraft or destroyed the probes...
The Russians have very few Midas aircraft and these are dedicated to supporting the TU-160 fleet and occassionally support fighters during training.